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3 

1 

2 

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1 


)H^'-'^  '^v- 


■HI 


H  ISTORY 


OF  THE 


SaultSte.  Marie  Can 


BY 


DWIGHT   H.  KELTON, 

CAPTAIN  U.  S.  ARMY. 


Author  of  Annals  of  Fort  Mackinac.    Indian  Names  of  Places  near  the 

Great   Lakes. 

Corresponding  Member  of  the  Wisconsin  State  Historical  Society, 

Corresponding  Member  of  the  Chicago  Historical  Societ*-, 

Member  of  the  American  Historical  Association, 

Member  of  the;  American  Folk-Lore  Society. 


DETROIT,  MICH. 
1888. 


Entered  ULcordinK  to  Act  of  Cungress,  in  the  year  1888,  by 

D  WIGHT     H.    KEl/rON, 
in  the  oflico  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington. 


Printed  by 
Detroit  fret  Press  Printinif  Co. 


SAULT  STE.  MARIE,  MICHIGAN. 

Latihuh  J^O"  SO'  10"  North. 
Longitude  S^"''  2^  West  of  Greenwich. 


HISTORICAL  SKETCH. 

Father  Dablon  named  the  mission  oataMishcd  by  liim  at  the 
foot  of  the  rapitls  in  IOCS,  Salute  Marie  da  Sault,  "  Saint  Mary's 
of  the  Uapids."  Saut,  is  the  modwn  sjiellini,';  '' Soo,''  the  popu- 
lar pronunciation. 

From  the  word  6'^  *«/!,"  falls,"  or  "rapids,"  tlie  Ojil.wa  trd)o 
obtained  its  French  naiho,  Sauteux.  At  ilrst,  tkose  only  whose 
home  was  at  the  "  Soo  "  were  called  by  that  name ;  but  by'degreos 
it  passed  to  all  Indians  of  the  same  speech.  Tlio  spelling 
'^ Sauiein',''  thougli  very  common,  is  wrong;  this  word  is  pro- 
nounced differently  and  denotes  "a  springer,"  or  "a  jumper." 

The  Indian  name  of  the  town  or  rapids  is  BawUmfj,  from 
hawitig,  "rapids."  This  is  an  abbreviation  of  Icmitlgioeya, 
"the  river  is  beaten  into  spray."  (Some  Indians  pronounce  it 
hagwltlmj,  "  where  the  river  is  shallow.") 

The  Ojibwa  band  residing  at  the  Saut  were  called  liawiti- 
gowininiwag,  or  Baioiting  ddzhi-imniwag,  "  Men  of  the  Rapids." 

The  Indians  have  no  general  name  for  St.  Mary's  lliver  ;  but 
have  for  the  lakes  into  which  it  expands.  The  mouth  of  tlie 
river  is  called  Giwideoonaning,  "where  they  sail  around  a 
point." 

Pawtuoket,  Powatan,  Pawcatuck,  Pawtuxct  (Ojibwa  Bawl- 
tigosing,  "at  the  little  falls"),  and  many  other  similar  names  in 
different  dialects,  are  of  the  same  root  as  haioiiig^  and  denote  a 
fall  or  rapids.     The  root  is  haw,  "  to  scatter  by  striking." 


6 


8AULT  STE.  MARIE  CANAL. 


Lake  Superior  is  002  foot  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  only  water-way  between  I/ike  Superior  and  tlie  lower 
lakes  is  the  Saint  Mary's  liivor,  which  Mows  from  Lake  Superior 
at  its  eastern  extremity,  and  empties  int(»  Lake  Huron  37  miiea 
cast  of  Mackinac,  Island.  The  channel  between  the  two  lakes 
is  about  To  mihjH  loiii^,  ami  was,  before  improvement,  obstructed 
in  Hiany  places,  but  esijcciall}'  at  the  Uapids  of  Saint  Mary,  15 
miles  from  the  head  of  the  river.  In  their  natural  state  these 
rapids  formed  a  barrier  to  transportation  by  water,  and  made 
a  portaj^e  necessary. 

The  fall  of  the  river  from  Lake  Superior  to  the  rapids  of  St. 
Mary  is  one  tenth  of  a  foot;  in  the  half-mile  stretch  of  these 
rapids  the  fall  is  18  feet ;  and  from  the  foot  of  the  rapids  to 
the  Lake  irurou  level,  which  is  reached  at  Mud  Lake,  35  miles 
below,  the  fall  is  2.3  feet. 

In  1837,  the  governor  of  the  newly  admitted  State  of  Mich- 
igan called  the  attention  of  the  State  legislature  to  the  advisabil- 
ity of  constructing  a  canal  around  the  rapids  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie, 
and  three  years  later  the  subject  was  brought  up  in  the  United 
States  Senate.  In  spite  of  violent  op])08ition  a  survey  was 
ordered,  which  was  made  by  ofKcers  of  the  Topographical  Engi- 
neers, U.  S.  Army.  In  1852,  a  grant  of  750,000  acres  of  public 
land  was  made  to  the  State  of  Michigan,  from  the  proceeds  of 
which  the  canal  was  to  be  built. 

The  grant  was  attended  with  the  conditions  that  the  canal  be 
at  least  100  feet  wide  and  12  feet  deep  ;  the  locks  at  least  250 
feet  long  and  60  feet  wide  ;  that  work  be  begun  within  three 
years  and  finished  within  ten  ;  that  tolls  be  limited  to  the  amount 
necessary  to  keep  the  canal  in  repair,  after  the  expenses  of  con- 
struction had  been  paid ;  that  (xovernment  vessels  be  free  of 
tolls ;  and  that  the  donated  land  should  not  be  sold  until  the 
location  had  been  establisiied  and  filed. 

The  State  accepted  the  conditions  and  the  grant,  and  handed 
the  latter  over  to  a  private  company,  which  undertook  to  build 
the  canal  for  the  proceeds  of  the  land. 


HAULT  BTR    MARIE  CANAL. 


OLD  CANAL  AND  LOCKS. 
(1855.) 

Ground  was  brokon  for  the  work  on  Jnno  4,  185.^.  TIio  cer- 
tiiicato  of  its  coniplotion  was  si^nod  by  the  coniinissionors  on 
May  21, 1855.  Tlio  first  boat,  the  steamer  Illinois,  Captain  Jack 
Wilson,  was  locked  iliroMji;h  on  June  18,  1.S55. 

The  canal  was  5,400  feet  Ion;;,  100  foet  wide,  and  12  feet  deep 
at  an  avera^'c  stai^o  of  water.  The  batiks  had  a  slope  of  1  verti- 
cal to  2  horizontal,  and  wore  revetted  with  stone  except  in  rock 
cuttings. 

The  locks  were  at  the  eastern  or  lower  end,  and  were  two 
in  nniiibcr,  placed  tme  in  immediate  i)rolongation  of  the  other. 
Each  lock  was  rtjctari^idar  in  plan,  350  feet  lon»  by  70  feet 
wide  and, 24  feet  8  inches  deep,  with  a  depth  of  11^  feet  of 
water  over  the  miter-sills,  and  a  lift  of  9  feet.  The  capacity  of 
each  lock  was  281,750  cubic  feet. 

The  walls  were  of  cut  limestone  from  Marbleliead,  Ohio,  and 
Maiden,  Ontario,  backed  with  stone  from  Drummond's  island, 
Saint  Mary's  liiver. 

Water  was  admitted  to  the  locks  throuj^h  openings  in  the 
leaves  of  the  upper  gates,  by  means  of  butterfly  valves.  The 
valves  were  worked  with  a  rack  and  pinion.  Seven  minutes 
were  re(|uired  to  i\\\  the  upper  lock-chamber,  and  fourteen  to 
lill  the  lower.  The  volume  of  water  in  the  upper  lock  when 
filled  to  the  level  of  the  canal  above,  amounted  to  3,757,000 
gallons.  The  water  was  let  out  of  the  locks  by  means  of 
valves  in  the  lower  lock-gates.  Fourteen  minutes  were  required 
to  empty  eJich  lock-chamber.  Five  minutes  were  recpiired  to 
open  .or  close  the  lock-gates.  The  gates  were  oj)erated  by  means 
of  a  boom,  worked  by  a  hand-capstan. 

The  dimensions  of  the  locks  permitted  the  passage  at  one 
time  of  a  tug  and  three  vessels  of  the  size  then  usual. 

There  was  a  guard-gate  of  the  ordinary  mitering  pattern  2,100 
feet  above  the  upper  lock-gates. 


8 


8AULT  STE.    MARIE  CANAL. 


The  original  survey  was  made  by  Capt  Anj^nstus  0  infield. 
Topographical  Engineers,  IJ.  S.  A. 

The  entire  cost  jf  the  canal  was  $999,802.4(;. 

The  last  boat,  ^he  steajn  tug  Annie  Clark,  Captain  Edward 
Martin,  was  locked  through  Nov.  2,  1886. 


CANAL  IMPROVEMENTS  AND  NEW  LOCK. 

(1881.) 

The  first  contract  for  the  improvement  of  the  canal,  which 
resulted  in  its  enlargement  and  the  building  of  the  lock  of  1881, 
was  dated  October  20,  1870;  the  iirst  stone  of  the  lock  (the 
largest  ship  canal  lock  in  the  world)  was  laid  July  25,  1870, 
and  the  first  boat,  the  steamer  City  of  Cleveland  (now  City  of 
Alpena),  Captain  Albert  Svewart,  locked  thiough  on  September 
1,  1881. 

The  length  of  the  canal  is  7.000  feet.  Its  width  is  variable. 
The  least  width  is  108  feet,  at  tiie  movable  dam.  The  depth 
of  v.'ater  is  16  feet.  Vessels  are  protected  against  i^ijury 
from  the  rocky  sides  of  the  canal  by  a  revetment  of  pier 
work,  the  general  height  of  which  is'4  feet  above  mean  water 
level.  The  material  is  pine  timber  1  foot  square.  There  aro 
12,000  linear  feet  of  wooden  piers,  and  3,100  linear  feet  of 
masonry  connected  with  the  canal. 


LOCK. 

The  chamber  of  the  lock  is  515  feet  long  between  the  irates, 
80  feet  wide,  narrowed  to  60  font  at  tl.o  gates ;  the  depth 
is  39i  feet.  Its  capacity  is  1,500,000  cubic  feet.  The  depth  of 
the  water  on  the  miter-sills  is  17  feet;  the  lift  of  the  lock  is  18 
feet.  The  volume  of  water  in  the  lock  chamber  when  filled  to 
the  level  of  the  canal  above,  amounts  to  9,888,000  gallons.     The 


8AULT   STE.   MAIIIK  CANAL. 


9 


sills  are  placed  1  foot  below  canal  bottom,  so  as  to  be  protected 
from  injury  by  vessels.  A  gnard  gate  is  placed  at  each  end  of 
the  chamber,  making  the  lengtli  of  the  walls  717  feet. 

The  walls  are  of  limestone.  The  cut  stone, was  obtained  from 
Mail.'lc'hcad,  Ohio,  and  Kelley's  Island,  Lake  Erie. 

There  are  34,207  cubic  yards  of  masonry,  in  the  construction 
of  which  35,000  barrels  of  cement  were  used,  every  barrel  of 
which  was  tested  before  it  was  taken  on  the  wall. 

The  face  stone,  the  miter  and  breast  walls,  and  portions  of  the 
wall  adjacent  to  springs  of  water,  are  laid  in  English  Portland 
cement;  the  remainder  of  the  wall  is  laid  in  American  cement. 
The  cements  were  mixed  with  sand  in  the  proportion  of  1  to  1. 

The  foundation  is  on  rock  throughout,  a  Potsdam  sandstone 
of  diti'erent  degrees  of  hardness.  A  floor  of  timber  and  con- 
crete extends  across  the  bottoin  of  the  lock  and  5  feet  under 
each  wall;  the  rest  of^the  foundation  of  the  M'a II  is  concrete  4^ 
to  2  feet  thick  on  the  rock.  All  the  timbers  used  in  the  foutj- 
dation  are  of  pine  1  foot  square.  They  are  laid  in  concrete 
and  fastened  to  the  rock  with  bolts  3  feet  long,  which  are  fox 
wedged  and  cernented  in  the  rock. 

The  miter-sills  are  oak  timbers  12  by  18  inches,  and  fastened 
in  ])lace  by  bolts  10  feet  long,  fox-wedged  and  concreted  in  the 
rock,  and  also  by  timber  braces  bolted  to  the  rock. 

The  estimated  capacity  of  the  lock  is  96  vessels  in  twenty-four 
hours.  At  the  close  of  the  season  of  1887,  the  greatest  number 
of  vessels  ever  through  the  canal  in  one  day,  was  on  June  14, 
1887,  when  84  vessels  were  locked  through. 

The  original  plans  and  specifications  for  this  lock  were  pre- 
pared under  direction  of  Gen.  Orlando  M.  Poe,  U.  S.  A. 
Later,  they  were  somewhat  modified  under  direction  of  Gen. 
Godfrey  Weftzel,  U.  S.  A.  Mr.  Alfred  Noble,  was  the  Assistant 
P^ngineer  in  local  charge  of  the  work  from  beginning  to  end. 

The  total  cost  of  the  canal  enlargement  was  $2,150,000. 


10 


SAULT  STE.  MARIE  CANAL. 


GATES. 

Two  minutes  are  required  to  open  or  close  the  lock-gates. 

There  are  four  gates,  designated  as  upper  and  lower  lock-gates 
and  upper  and  lower  guard-gates.  The  frame  work  is  of  white 
oak  and  sheathing  of  Norway  pine.  The  weight  of  one  leaf  of 
the  upper  lock-gate  is  40  tons  and  of  one  leaf  of  the  lower  lock- 
gate  76  tons. 

The  guard-gates  are  only  used  when  repairs  are  being  made  to 
the  lock.  They  are  opened  and  closed  by  means  of  temporary 
block  and  tackle  operated  by  a  power  capstan.  Both  leaves  of 
the  upper  guard-gate  are  ])rovided  w^ith  valves,  with  which  to 
fill  the  lock  after  it  has  been  ])umped  out.  The  valves  are 
worked  with  a  hand  wrench  from  the  top  of  the  leaf.  The  lock 
can  be  tilled  through  these  valves  in  about  one  hour. 


I;; 


H 


FILLING. 

Eleven  minutes  are  required  to  fill  the  lock. 

The  water  is  lot  into  the  locks  from  two  culverts  under  the 
floor.  These  culverts  are  each  8  feet  square,  and  extend  from 
the  well  above  the  upper  lock-gate  to  the  well  above  the  lower 
lock-gate.  The  water  is  admitted  into  the  culverts  through  a 
well  which  is  covered  with  a  grating. 

The  covering  of  the  culverts  is  the  floor  of  the  lock.  The 
water  passes  into  the  lock  chamber  through  58  apertures  in  the 
lock  floor.  Each  aperture  has  an  area  of  3  square  feet ;  the  58 
apertures  174  square  feet.  Tliis  area  is  increased  to  190  square 
feet  by  the  man-holes  left  in  the  bulkhead  at  the  lower  end  of 
the  culverts. 

The  filling  valves  through  which  the  water  enters  the  culverts 
are  two  in  number,  and  are  located  in  the  well  just  above  the 
upper  lock-gate.  Each  valve,  when  shut,  closes  the  entrance  to 
one  of  the  culverts.  Each  valve  is  10  feet  wide  and  8  feet  deep. 
The  valves  are  made  with  horizontal  cast-iron  axles,  and  frames, 
to  which  a  covering  of  boiler  iron  is  bolted. 


SAULT  8TE.   MARIE  CANAL. 


11 


EMPTYING. 

Eight  minutes  are  required  to  empty  tlie  lock. 

The  water  in  passing  out  of  tiie  lock  goes  down  through  a 
well  which  is  covered  with  a  grating,  tlience  through  two  sliort 
culverts  and  up  through  a  well  below  the  lower  lock-gates. 

The  emptying  valves,  through  which  the  water  escapes  from 
the  lock,  are  two  in  number  and  are  located  in  the  well  just  above 
the  lower  lock-gate.  Their  construction  is  similar  to  that  of  the 
tilling  valves,  just  described.  Each  culvert  is  complete  in  itself. 
If  an  accident  should  occur  to  one  culvert,  or  to  its  valves  or 
engines,  the  other  culvert  could  still  he  used. 


MACHINERY. 

The  power  is  obtained  from  two  30  inch  turbines.  The  com- 
puted effective  energy  of  the  two  wheels  combined  is  50  horse- 
power. Water  is  brought  to  them  through  a  supply  pipe  from 
the  canal  above  the  lock.  Both  are  connected  by  spur  gearing 
to  the  main  shaft.  The  power  for  operating  the  different  parts 
of  the  machinery  is  taken  from  this  main  shaft  by  means  of  pul- 
leys and  belts  in  the  usual  manner.  Two  pumps  force  water 
into  an  accumulator  loaded  so  as  to  give  a  pressure  of  about  120 
pounds  to  the  square  inch.  Water  is  taken  from  the  accumulator 
to  the  engines  which  open  and  close  the  gates  and  valves.  Heavy 
West  Virginia  mineral  oil  is  used  in  the  cylinders  whenever  the 
temperature  is  so  low  that  water  would  be  likely  to  freeze. 
There  are  four  gate  engines,  one  for  each  leaf  of  the  upper  and 
lower  lock-gates,  and  four  valve  engines,  one  for  each  of  the 
filling  and  emptying  valves. 

Tlie  machine  house  is  of  stone.  There  is  a  cellai,  ground  floor, 
and  upper  floor.  The  main  shaft,  accumulator,  pumps,  etc.  are 
on  the  upper  floor ;  the  pen-stock,  dynamo,  tool-room,  etc.  are 
located  on  the  ground  floor.  The  accumulator  passes  from  the 
cellar  up  through  the  upper  floor. 

The  turbine  iron  supply  pipe  lies  on   the  south  side  of  the 


t 


I 


UJWkU 


12 


SAULT  8TE.   MARIE  CANAL. 


lock.  The  inlet  is  45  feet  above  the  upper  gnard-gates  and 
7  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  is  covered  with  an 
iron  grating.  It  has  a  cut-off  valve  9  feet  from  the  inlet.  Its 
interior  diameter  is  36  inches. 

The  pump  ^'or  emptying  the  lock  is  in  the  cellar  of  the 
machine  house.  It  is  a  centrifugal,  run  by  a  belt  from  the  main 
shaft.  It  is  about  8  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  water. 
When  the  water  is  to  be  pumped  out  of  the  lock,  the  guard- 
gates  above  and  below  it  are  closed.  Seventeen  hours  are 
required  to  empty  the  lock  with  the  pump. 

The  dynamo  for  the  electric  lights,  used  in  lighting  the  locks, 
is  a  ten-arc-light  machine  of  the  "  Brush"  patent.  It  is  run  by  a 
belt  from  the  main  shaft.     The  force  required  is  eight  horse-power. 

The  power  capstan  is  on  the  lock  wall  near  the  machine  house. 
It  is  run  by  belts  from  the  main  shaft.  The  capstan  is  used  for 
warping  vessels  into  and  out  of  the  lock.  A  system  of  lines  and 
snatch-blocks  extends  around  the  lock,  so  that  vessels  can '  be 
warped  in  from  either  end  and  to  either  side. 

The  movable  dam  is  about  3,000  feet  from  the  lock,  and  is 
designed  to  check  the  flow  of  water  so  that  the  upper  guard- 
gates  can  be  closed  in  case  the  lock-gates  are  accidentally  carried 
away.  It  consists  of  an  ordinary  swing-bridge,  one  end  of 
which  can  be  swung  across  the  canal.  A  series  of  wickets  are 
suspended  side  by  side  fvdm  a  horizontal  truss  hung  beneath 
the  bridge,  and  abutting,  at  either  end  (when  the  bridge  is 
closed),  against  heavy  buffers  securely  anchored  to  the  masonry. 
One  end  of  each  wicket  can  be  let  down  until  it  rests  against 
a  sill  in  the  bottom  of  the  canal.  When  the  wickets  are  all 
down  they  form  a  vertical  bulkhead  or  dam.  The  wickets  are 
23  in  number  ;  each  wicket  is  supported  in  an  iron  frame. 

The  bottom  of  the  canal  under  the  movable  dam  is  covered . 
with  a  floor.  The  dead  weight  on  the  truss  due  to  the  wickets 
and  frames  is  1,600  pounds  per  running  foot.  This  is  counter- 
poised by  brick  work  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  truss.  The 
lateral  pressure  of  the  water  against  the  wickets,  is  3,400  pounds 
pir  running  foot. 


8AULT  8TE.   MARIE  CANAL. 


13 


The  canal,  upon  which  the  General  Government  had  spent 
large  sums,  was  still  in  the  possession  of  the  State  of  Michigan. 
Congress  on  June  14,  1880,  authorized  the  Secretary  of  War  to 
receive  the  canal  from  the  State  of  Michigan.  The  transfer  was 
made  June  6,  1881.  Since  that  time  the  canal  has  been  in  the 
possession  of  the  General  Government,  and  all  vessels  have  been 
passed  through  free  of  toll. 


The  chamber  of  the  lock  now  building  on  the  site  of  the  two 
old  locks  of  1855,  will  be  800  feet  long  between  the  gates,'  100 
feet  wide  and  43^  feet  deep.  Its  capacity  will  be  3,440,000  cubic 
feet.  The  depth  of  water  on  the  miter-sills  will  be  21  feet,  and 
the  lift  of  the  lock  18  feet.  The  volume  of  water  in  the  lock 
chamber  when  filled  to  the  level  of  the  canal  above,  will  be 
23,338,000  gallons.  The  estimated  capacity  of  the  lock  is  four 
vessels,  each  350  feet  long  and  46  feet  wide,   at  one  lockage. 

The  canal  will  be  deepened  to  a  navigable  depth  of  20  feet. 

The  estimated  cost  of  the  lock  and  enlarged  canal  is  $4,740,000. 
Worl^  was  begun  in  the  Spring  of  1887.  Gen.  Orlando  M.  Poe, 
U.  S.  Army,  is  the  Engineer  in  charge  of  the  improvements. 


There  are  now  engaged  in  the  commerce  of  the  lakes  nearly 
2,000  American  vessels.  They  represent  an  investment  of 
$50,000,000  capital.  Some  of  these  vessels  are  of  sufticient 
capacity  to  carry  at  a  single  trip  the  grain  that  would  load  five 
freight  trains  of  thirty  cars  each,  with  over  600  bushels  per  car. 
The  entire  wheat  crop  of  a  4,000  acre  Dakota  wheat- farm  went 
through  the  canal  on  one  of  these  great  carriers.        * 


r; 


Statement  of  the  Commerce 

tliroxigh  Saint  Mary' 

8  Falls 

. 

i 

t 

TONNAGE. 

Sailing 
vessels. 

Steam- 
ers. 

(b) 

(a) 

Tasien- 
gera. 

Coal. 

Flour. 

Year 

ReKls- 
teri'd. 

Actual 
Freight. 

Wheat. 

1805 

(n) 

(a) 

(c) 

106,296 

(c) 

4,270 

Tons. 
1,414 

Barrels. 
10,289 

BixsheU 
(e) 

IS.'tC 

(a) 

(a) 

(b) 

(a) 

(0 

101,458 

(c) 

4,674 

8,968 

17,686 

(e) 

1857 

(a) 

(ft) 

(b) 

(aj 

(c) 

180,820 

(c) 

6,650 

5,278 

16,560 

(e) 

1858 

(a) 

(a) 

(b) 

(a) 

(c) 

219,819 

(c) 

9,230 

4,118 

13,783 

(e) 

1859 

(1) 

(a) 

(b) 

(a) 

(c) 

352,642 

(c) 

8,884 

39,459 

(e) 

186'.) 

(a) 

(a.) 

(b) 

(a) 

(c) 

4ft3,657 

(c) 



60,250 

(•) 

1861 

(a) 

(a) 

(b) 

(a) 

(c) 

276,639 

(e) 

8,816 

11,607 

22,743 

(e) 

1862 

(»v) 

(a.) 

(b) 

(a) 

(c) 

359,612 

(c) 

8,468 

11,348 

17,291 

.     <•) 

1863 

(a) 

(a) 

(b) 

(a) 

(c) 

507,434 

(c) 

18,281 

7,805 

31.975 

(e) 

1861 

1,015 

366 

(b) 

1,411 

(c) 

571,438 

(c) 

16,985 

11,282 

33.937 

(e) 

1865 

602 

396 

(b) 

997 

((-•) 

409,062 

(c) 

19,777 

84,985 

(0) 

1806 

555 

453 

(b) 

1,008 

(c) 

458,530 

(c) 

14,067 

19,915 

83,603 

(e) 

1867 

839 

466 

(b) 

1,305 

(c) 

556,899 

(c) 

15,120 

22,927 

28,345 

(e) 

186S 

817 

3;j8 

(b) 

1,155 

(c) 

432,563 

(c) 

J0,590 

25,814 

27,372 

(e) 

1869 

939 

399 

(b) 

1,338 

(0) 

624,885 

(c) 

17,657 

27,850 

32,007 

(e) 

1870 

1,397 

431 

(b^ 

1,828 

(c) 

690,826 

(c) 

17,153-^ 

'       15,952 

33,548 

49,700 

1871 

1,064 

573 

(b) 

1,637 

(c) 

762,101 

(c) 

15,859 

46,798 

26,060 

1.376,705 

1873 

1,212 

798 

(b; 

2,004 

(c) 

914,735 

(c) 

25,830 

80,815 

136,411 

667,134 

1873 

1,549 

968 

(b) 

2,517 

(c) 

1,204,446 

(c) 

30,966 

96,780 

172,692 

2,119,987 

1874 

833 

901 

(b) 

1,734 

(0) 

1,070,857 

(«) 

22,958 

61,123 

179.855 

1,120,015 

1875 

569 

1,464 

(b) 

2,033 

(c) 

1, 2,59, 534 

(c) 

19,085 

101,260 

309,991 

1,213,788 

1876 

684 

1,733 

(b) 

2,417 

(c) 

1, .541 ,676 

(c) 

30,288 

121,734 

315,224 

1,971,549 

1877 

1,401 

1,050 

(b) 

2,451 

(c) 

1,4.39,216 

(c) 

21,800 

91,575 

355, 117 

1,349,738 

1878 

1,091 

1,476 

(b) 

2,567 

(c) 

1,667,136 

fc) 

20,394 

91,856 

344,599 

1,872,940 

1870 

1,403 

1,618 

100 

3.121 

(c) 

1,677,071 

(c) 

18,979 

110,704 

451,000 

2,603,666 

1880 

1,718 

1.785 

50 

3,503 

(c) 

1,7;M,890 

(c) 

25,7o6 

170,501 

523,860 

2,106,920 

lasi 

1,706 

2,117 

181 

4,004 

2,120 

2,092,757 

1,567,741 

24,671 

295,647 

605,453 

3,456,965 

188i 

1,663 

2,739 

372 

4,774 

2,1)72 

2,408,088 

2,029,521 

29,256 

430,181 

314,044 

3,728,868 

18S3 

1,458 

■i.O-iO 

2.37 

4,315 

2,351  • 

2,042,250 

2,267,105 

39,1.30 

714,444 

687,031 

5,900,473 

1884 

1,709 

3,600 

371 

5,689 

3,074 

2,997,837 

2,874,557 

54,214 

.06,379 

1,248,243 

11,986,791 

1885 

1,689 

3,354 

a37 

5,380 

2,863 

3,a35,937 

3,2o6,628 

36,147 

894,991 

1,440,093 

15,274,213 

1886 

3.534 

4,581 

306 

7,424 

3,593 

4,219,397 

4,527,759 

27,088 

1,009.999 

1,7.59,365 

18,991,485 

1887 

2,502 

5,968 

8-i5 

9,355 

4,165 

4,897,598 

5,491,649 

32,068 

1,352,987 

1,572,735 

23,096,620 

Year. 


1855 

1856 

18.57 

1658 

1859 

1860 

1861 

1862 

1863 

1861 

1865 

1866 

1867 

1868 

1869 

1870 

1871 

18?2 

1873 

1874 

1875 

1876 

1877 

1878 

1879 

1880 

1881 

1S82 

1883 

1881 

1885 

18.S6 

1887 


(a)  No  record  kei)t  until  1864. 

(b)  No  record  kept  until  1879. 

(c)  No  record  kept  until  June,  1881. 


it  ! 


Canal  for  each  calendar  year  from  its  opening  in  1866. 


Year. 


1855 
1857 


1860 
1861 
1863 
1863" 
1861 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868 
1869 
1870 
1871 
1872 
1873 
1874 
1875 
1876 
1877 
1878 
1879 
1880 
1881 
lS8-i 
1883 
1881 
1885 
1886 
1887 


Oraln— 

other  than 

Wheat. 


Buihels. 

33,908 
22,300 
10,600 

71,738 
133,437 
76,830 
89,06a 
78,180 
143,560 

289,926 
249.031 
285,123 
323,501 
301,077 
308,823 
445,774 
309,645 
149,999 
250,080 
107,772 
313,542 
264,674 
951,496 
2,547,106 
367,838 
473,129 
776.652 
517,103 
422,981 
715,373 
775,166 


Manufac- 
tured and 
Pig  Iron. 


Tons. 
1,040 

781 

1,325 

2,597 

5,501 

4.191 

6,4;w 

6,681 
7,613 

7,:m 

13,235 
30,602 
22,78,'; 
23,851 
42.9,V.) 
54,981 
86, 191 
44,920 
31,711 
54,381 
64,091 
39,971 
14,882 
39,218 
46,791 

• 

87,830 
92,870 

109,910 
72,428 
60,842 

115,208 
74,919 


Salt. 

Copper 

BarreU. 

Tons. 

687 

3.196 

464 

5,727 

1,500 

6,700 

950 

6,744 

2,737 

7,247 

9,000 

3,014 

7,615 

2,177 

6,881 

1,506 

1,044 

1,776 

5,331 

3,175 

9,9.35 

4,151 

9,550 

5.316 

10,  SS,! 

4,624 

12,222 

5,910 

18,662 

11,089 

11,301 

36, 199 

14,562 

42,690 

14,591 

29,335 

15,927 

42.231 

15,346 

43,989 

18,.39« 

46,666 

25,756 

63,188 

16,767 

63,520 

22,529 

92,215 

22,309 

77,916 

21,753 

65,897 

29,488 

176,612 

25,409 

70,898 

31,021 

144,804 

36,062 

1.36,355 

31,927 

158,677 

38,037 

201,908 

31,886 

Iron  Ore. 


Tona. 
1.447 

11,597 

26,184 

31,035 

65,769 

120,000 

41,8.36 

118,011 

181,567 

213,7.5.3 

117,459 

152,102 

222,861 

191,9.39 

239,3(58 

409,850 

;«7,461 

383,105 

604,121 

427,658 

493, 408 

609,752 

568,082 

555,750 

540,075 

677,073 

748,131 

087,060 

791,733 

1,136,071 

1,2.35,132 

2,087,809 

2.497,713 


Lumber. 
B   M. 

i1 

Feet. 

Tons. 

126,000 

(d) 

395,000 

(d) 

572,000 

(d) 

185,000 

(d) 

(d) 

.       

(d) 

394,000 

(d) 

196,000 

(d) 

1,111,000 

(d) 

2,001,000 

(d) 

822,000 

(d) 

141,000 

(d) 

390,000 

(d) 

1,119,000 

(d) 

1,260,000 

(d) 

722,000 

92 

1,072,000 

461 

1,744,000 

.306 

1,162,000 

580 

638,000 

443 

,5,  .391, 000 

817 

17,761,000 

985 

4,143,000 

987 

24,119,000 

^50 

35,  ,598, 000 

321 

41, .5,39,000 

66 

58,877,000 

82,783,000 

22 

87,131,000 

814 

122,389,000 

9,781 

127,984.000 

3,669 

138,688,000 

2,009 

165,226,000 

350 

Diitlding 
Stone. 


Ton». 

(e) 

(e) 
(e) 
(e) 
(e) 
(e) 
(e) 
(e) 
(e) 
(e) 
(e) 
(e) 
(e) 
(e) 
(e) 

2,917 
5,228 
5,213 
3,218 
401 
2,978 
2,102 
2,506 
2,754 
2,226 
2,283 
1,400 
5,428 
2,405 
6,047 
8,189 
9,449 
13,401 


Date  of 
Opening, 


June  18 
May  4 
May  9 
Apr.  18 
May  3 
May  11 
May  3 
Apr.  27 
Apr.  28 
May  2 
May  1 
May  5 
May  4 
May  2 
May  4 
Apr.  29 
May  8 
May  11 
May  5 
May  12 
May  12 
May  8 
May  2 
Apr.  8 
May  2 
Apr.  28 
May  7 
Apr.  21 
May  ;: 
Apr.  23 
May  6 
Apr.  25 
May     1 


Date  of 
(.'loxing. 


Nov    23 

Nov.  28 
Nov.  30 
Nov.  20 
Nov.  28 
Nov.  26 
Nov.  14 
Nov.  27 
Nov.  21 
Dec.  4 
Dec.  3 
Dec.  8 
Dec.  8 
Dec.  8 
Nov.  29 
Dec.  1 
Nov.  29 
Nov.  26 
Nov.  18 
Dec.  2 
Dec.  2 
Nov.  26 
Nov.  30 
Dec.  8 
Dec.  3 
Nov.  15 
Dec.  5 
Doc.  3 
Dec.  11 
Dec.  10 
Dec.  2 
Dec.  4 
Dec.     2 


(d)  None  shipped  from  Lalte  Superior  until  1867. 

(e)  None  shipped  from  Lake  Superior  until  1870. 


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SH3.A.S03Sr    1888. 


Cheboygan.  Mackinac  &  Sault  Ste  Marie 

DAILY  LINE  STEAMERS. 


The  Only  Daily  Line  on  this  Popular  Route. 


Stmr.  "Soo  City." 

Stmr.  "Minnie  M." 

BYRON  ARMSTRONG,  Captain. 

J.  B.  MONDOR,  Captain. 

ED  A.  PLUM,  Clerk. 

F.   M.    HUBBARD,  Clerk. 

I.KAVKS 

LKAVEH \ 

CHEBOYGAN 

CHEBOYGAN 

MoDdays,  Wednesdays  M  Fridays, 

Tnesdays,  Thursdays  and  Satordays, 

6  o'clock  a.  ni. 

t)  o'clock  a.  111. 

MACKINAC  ISLAND 

MACKINAC  ISLAND 

9  o'clock  a.  ni. 

'.1  o'clock  a.  111. 

AKKIVIN<J  AT 

AKKIVINO  AT 

SAULT  STE  MARIE 

SAULT  STE  MARIE 

8  o'clock  p.  III. 

6  o'clock  p.  111. 

T.EAVKS 

LEAVES 

SAULT  STE  MARIE 

SAULT  STE  MARIE 

Tuesdays,  Thursdays  and  Salnrdays 

Mondays,  Wednesdays  and  Fridays. 

0  o'clock  a.  m. 

li  o'clock  a.  in. 

AKKIVKS  AT 

Aim  IVES  AT 

MACKINAC  ISLAND 

MACKINAC  ISLAND 

■J. 80  o'clock  p.  III. 

2.80  o'clock  p.  m. 

CHEBOYGAN 

CHEBOYGAN 

5  o'clock  p.  111. 

.5  o'clock  p.  Ill 

STOPPING  AT  ALL   PLAGES   OF  LANDING  ON  THIS  ROUTE. 

For  further  information,  call  on  any  of  the  following  agents: 

P.  H.  HOBNE,  LAMOND  &  KOBINSON,  A.  S.  RUSSEL, 

Cheboygan.  iMackinaw  City.  St.  Ignace. 

GEO.  T.  ABNOLD,  GEO.  KEMP, 

Mackinac  Island.  Sault  Ste  Marie,  or 

W.   R.   OWEN,  Manager, 

:t:i  .Mt-(ioi>oUtaii  Bloirk, 

CHICAGO,    ILL. 


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li^seGlFaii. 


P»=    W|icH.  •'Sole  Manufacturers. 


This  Fan  for  the  dustiuction  of  inaects  consists  of  a  body  entirely  of  wire 
gauze,  iiavin^  a  binding  of  soft  material  and  provided  witii  a  flexible  handle. 
To  operate  the  Fan  consists  in  giving  a  (piick,  siiort  blow,  either  when  the 
insect  is  on  tiie  wing  or  at  resl. 

This  fan  is  exactly  what  in  wanted  for  use  in  restaurants,  dining  rooms, 
show-windows,  and  places  where  flies  congregate. 

It  fills  a  i)lace  almost  indispen.sable — in  consideration  of  the  annoyance 
and  liability  of  contageous  diseases  by  insects  (now  so  well  authenticated  by 
medical  science).  It  is  highly  practicable  in  that  the»insect  is  not  warned  and 
does  D"*  ily,  or  is  not  blown  away,  as  is  the  case  when  struck  at  by  a  solid 
surface. 

Endorsed  by  the  leading  Surgeons  of  the  Army  and  Navy,  by  Hospitals, 
Hunters,  Fishermen,  Students,  School  Teachers,  Bankers,  Book-keepers, 
Lawyers,  Judges,  Clergymen,  Invalids,  Nurses,  and  in  fact  by  all  who  are 
ever  exposed,  night  or  day.  to  n>us(|uitoe8,  flies  or  any  flying  insects. 

SENT  BY  MAIL,  POST-PAID,  ON  RECEIPT  OF  50  CENTS. 


L.  .^..  snyLiTH:  &  oo. 

WOODWARD   AVENUE, 


We  are  also  Detroit  Agents  for  DR,  JAEGER'S  SANITARY  WOOLEN  CLOTHING, 


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Chippewa  House 

Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Michigan. 


1  O  O     Ft  O  O  JVIJS. 


HEADQUARTERS  FOR  THE  ARMY  AND  NAVY. 

HEADQUARTERS  FOR  ALL   FISHING  CLUBS. 


The  Chippewa  House  is  conveniently  located  on 
Watet'  Street,  (nearer  the  river  than  any  other  hotel  in 
the  city),  a  few  yards  from  where  all  the  passengers 
are  landed  who  arrive  by  boat;  fifty  yards  from  the 
main  entrance  to  Fort  Brady,  (the  Army  Officers 
messing  at  the  Chippewa),  and  one  hundred  yards 
from  the  Canal   Locks. 

Electric  lights  in  every  room,  and  the  house  fitted 
with  all  modern  conveniences.  No  danger  from  fires, 
ps  the  rooms  are  on  the  ground  floor,  or  up  but  one 
flight  of  stairs. 

All  passengers   arriving    by    boat    will    save   carriage 

hire  to  and  from  all  boats,  by  stopping  at  the  Chippewa. 

Ferry  boats  r>unning  to  the  Canada  side  of  the  river 

start  every   fifteen    minutes    from    the   wharf  opposite 

the  Chippewa, 


HENRY  P.  SMITH,  Prop'r  6.  Manager. 


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The  New  Mackinac 

{Built  in  1888,  upon  the  site  of  the  old  "Mackinac  House" 
ivhich  was  burned  in  January,  1887.) 

Mackinac   Isuand,      -      -       Mich. 


100  aOOD  BSD  ROOMS. 

Terms,   }i?2.()()   and   S^.50   Per  Day. 


This  house  is  well   arranged   for  the   comfort  of  tourists,  and  is  (con- 
veniently located  opposite  the  end  of  the  only  passenger  wharf 
on  the  Island.     The  furniture,  carpets,  eic,  are  all  new. 
The  house  is  equipped  with  electric  bells,  and 
all  modern  conveniences. 


FRED.  R.  EMERICK, 


Proprietor  and  Manager. 


This  hotel  lias  l)een  built  and  arranged  for  the  special  comfort  and  conveoience  of 
summer  boarders. 

On  arrival,  each  guest  will  be  asked  how  he  likes  the  situation,  and  if  he  says  the 
hotel  ought  to  have  been  placed  upon  Fort  Holmes  or  ou  Round  Island,  the  location 
of  the  hotel  will  Ims  immediately  changed. 

Corner  front  rooms,  up  only  one  flight,  for  every  guest.  Baths,  gas,  electricity^ 
hot  and  cold  water,  laundry,  telegraph,  restaurant,  fire  alarm,  bar-room,  billiard 
table,  daily  papers,  sewing  machine,  grand  piano,  and  all  other  modern  conveniences 
in 'jTery  room.  Meals  every  uiinute,  it  desired,  and  consequently  no  second  table. 
English,  French  ami  Uermaii  dictionaries  furnishiHl  every  guest,  to  make  up  such  a 
bill  of  fare  as  lie  may  desire. 

Waitersof  any  nationality  and  color  desired.  Every  waiter  furnished  with  a  libret- 
to, button-hole  boquet,  full  dress  suit,  ball  tablet,  and  his  hair  parted  in  the  middle. 

Every  guest  will  have  the  bt'st  seat  in  the  dining  hall  and  the  best  vraiter  in 
the  house. 

Our  clerk  was  carefully  educated  for  this  hotel,  and  he  Is  prepared  to  please  every- 
body. He  is  always  ready  to  sing  any  song  you  desire,  play  upon  your  favorite 
musical  instrument,  match  worsted,  take  a  hand  at  draw-poker,  play  billiards,  study 
astronomy,  lead  the  german,  amuse  the  children,  make  a  fourth  at  whist.  Or  tlirt 
with  any  young  lady,  and  will  not  mind  being  ''cut  dead  when  I'a  comes  down  "  He 
will  attand  to  the  telephone  and  answer  all  questions  in  Choctaw,  Chinese,  Chippewa, 
Volapuk,  or  any  other  of  the  Court  languages  of  Europe. 

The  proprietor  will  always  be  happy  to  hear  that  some  other  hotel  is  "the  best 
in  the  country."  Special  attention  given  to  parties  who  can  give  Information  aa  to 
"  how  theie  things  are  done  In  Boston. " 

For  climate,  beautiful  scenery  and  health,  Mackinac  Island  cannot  be  surpassed. 
Only  one  funeral  in  1887— the  patient  called  a  doctor. 


St.  Ipace  Republican 

p.  D.  BISSELL,  Editor. 
St.    Ignace,    Mackinac    Co.,    Mich, 


PUBLISHED  E7ERY  SATURDAY. 


$2.00  A.  ITE^A^IR. 

Witsitxn  Mniflii  Cdcgrap|  Co. 


C.  CORBETT,  Ass't  Supt., 


DETROIT, 


MICH. 


An  extra  three-conductor  cable  has  been  laid  this  year 
(1888)  across  the  Straits,  between    Mackina\A/^  City 
and  St.   Ignace,  thus  enabling  us  to  give  con- 
stant and  direct  service  between 

Detroit. and  St.  Ignace,  Madinac  Island,  Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Marquette 

and  all  intermediate  places. 


flll-JKOMSIOI-flfl 

MACKINAC  ISLAND,  MICH. 


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HEADQUARTERS    OF    ARMY    A^fD     NAVY     OFFICERS. 

Former  Headquarters  of  the  American   Fur 
Company. 


Fresb  milk  and  butter 


The  Astor  House  is  conveniently  located  about  one  hundred  yards 
from  the  wharf  where  all  passengers  are  landed.  Tourists  stopping  at 
the  Astor  will  save  carriage  hire  to  and  from  all  boats  stopping  at  ti.e 
Island. 

No  fire  traps— 12  easy  tire-escapes. 

Fresh  eggs  and  poultry  from  the  Astor  Farm, 
from  the  Astor  Jersey  Dairy. 

This  is  the  only  hotel  on  the  Island  which  is  supplied  with  pure  run- 
nmg  spring  water.  By  authority  of  a  special  Act  of  Congress  we  have 
run  a  pipe  from  the  noted  "Manitou  Spring."  and  the  Astor  House  is 
now  supplied  for  all  purposes  with  the  best  and  purest  water  on  earth 
It  was  in  their  vain  but  determined  attempt  to  retain  possession  of  this 
their  sacred  spring,  the  ancient  tribe  of  the  MMnimaki  were  utterly  ex- 
terminated. (This  is  the  only  sprin.-  on  this  continent,  north  of  the  City 
of  .Mexico,  where  the  natural  temperature  of  the  water  is  twenty  degrees 
colder  in  the  summer  than  in  winter.  Winter.  55  degrees;  Summer  35 
degrees  Fahrenheit.) 

Guests  of  the  Astor  have  access  to  the  old  and  original  books  of  the 
American  Fur  Company. 

In  the  basement  of  the  Astor  House  is  the  celebrated  Astor  Fire-Place- 
80  often  referred  to  by  Irving-the  largest  lire-place  in  the  United  States. 

JAMES    F.    CABLE,    Propr. 


II 


Sault  Ste.  Marie  News 

Saul-t  Ste.  Marie,  Mich. 

It  is  the  oldest  and  newsiest  paper  at  the  Soo. 
'It  is  the  representative  Republican  journal  of  the  Upper  Peninsula. 
It  is  the  most  enterprising  weekly  newspaper  in  Michigan. 
It  has  the  largest  circulation  of  any  paper  in  Chippewa  County. 
It  is  a  ^/fiMJspaper,  first,  last,  and  all  the  time. 
It  is  the  best  advertising?  medium  in  the  North. 
It  does  not  use  plate  matter. 
It  is  set  up  by  its  own  compositors,  in  its  own  office. 

'  i 

It  prints  live  news,  in  advance  of  its  contemporaries. 
It  is  a  large  eight-patre,  fifty-six  column,  paper. 
It  leads  the  procession. 

SUBSCRIPTION,  $1.50  PER  YEAR,  IN  ADVANCE. 

ADVERTISING     RATES     GIVEN     UPON     APPLICATION 

Book    and    .Tob    Pi'iiitinir, 

Book   Biiidinu-   and    Engi-aving, 

Complete    Job    Office. 

thh:  news  publishing  co., 

C.  S.  OSBORN.  M.   A.    HOYT.  A.   W.   DINGWALL. 


J 


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ii>iieiP^i 


A.  B.  DICKINSON, 

of 
Siiiilh'A  Motel,  IlillmlHle,  Mich. 


FRANK  H.  CARR, 

Formerly  Cathler  Boodv  Houn«, 
Toledo,  Ohio 


•s. 


^^  BRUNSfj.^^ 


^ 


4- 


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Cor.  of  State  and  Griswold  Sts., 


One  Square  from  City   Hall, 


DETROIT, 


MICHIGAN. 


wxxxxxxxx 


Location  Central.  Convenieut  to  the  leading  stores  and  places  of 
amusement.  First-class  in  all  appointments,  having  passenger  elevator 
heated  by  steam,  hot  and  cold  water  in  rooms,'  and  all  modern  improve- 
ments A  large  number  of  very  desirable  guest  and  sample  rooms  have 
recently  been  completed  in  the  adjoining  building  on  State  Street  im- 
mediately in  the  rear  of  M.  8.  Smith  &  Co. 'a  jewelry  store,  making  our 
location  absolutely  central,  and  giving  ample  accommodations  for  over 
one  hundred  guests. 


RATES,  $2.50  and  $2.00  PER  DAY. 


DICKINSON  &  CARR, 


Prop7'ietors. 


M 


KELTON    &    CO., 

Newspaper  Subscription  Agency, 

Q.UINCY  (Brauoh  Oo.)  MICHIGAN. 


Leading  Periodicals  of   America  and  Europe  at  Club  Rates 
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OUK  LOCATION  is  in  a  pleasant  village  where  the  expenses  of  labor  and  living  are 
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Our 

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1   15 

I      •**» 

1   10 

a  15 

HO 

:j  m 

75 

85 

R5 

1  25 

HO 

8.5 

i  ()5 

85 

1  00 

3  i5 

K5 

1  50 

•J  00 

:J  S5 

1  «5 

1  ■■m 

75 

K5 

90 

80 

2  40 

8  50 

I  10 

2  50 

4  25 

3  40 

a  55 

2  15 

1  15 

1  H5 

2  50 

2  50 

3  ;J5 

8  15 

3  86 

1  t» 

3  25 

2  60 
2  50 

4  W 
1  00 

5  00 


t*i)bl)il)'5r'M 
I'rlcc. 

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i)ur 
Price. 

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;  Vick'8  llIusMiited  .'ttonthly..  ..m  I  '25 

j  Waverly  Magazine w  4  DO 

I  Wide  Awake. m  2  40 


1  06 

1  10 

2  85 
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1  70 

2  65 
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!N) 

1  30 

2  U) 

3  25 
«0 

1  75 

80 

1  46 

4  25 
86 

1  20 
4  00 

2  50 
90 

1  65 
1  26 

1  80 

2  60 
8  00 
2  75 
2  iJO 
2  CO 

1  76 

2  65 
85 
85 

2  25 

3  50 
95 
86 

4  65 

1  00 

3  a-i 

2  10 


Address  all  orders  to 


KELTON  &  CO., 

QUINCY,  MICHIGAN. 


►  5 


mmmmm 


II 


JVUCHIGAN  Central 

"THE  NIAGARA  FALLS  ROUTE." 


To  CANADA, 
THE  ST.  LAWRENCE.. 

WHITE    MOUNTAINS, 


THE  HUDSON, 


New  \±  Boston,  ami  New  IwM  Poiots. 


[HE  MICHIGAN  CENTRAL  is  the  only  real 
"Niagara  Falls  Route"  in  the  country.  It  is  the 
only  railroad  that  gives  a  satisfactory  view  of  the 
Falls.  Every  day  train  stops  from  5  to  1  O  minutes  at 
Falls  View,  which  is  v/hat  the  name  indicates  — a 
splendid  point  from  which  to  view  the  great  cataract. 
It  is  right  on  the  brink  of  the  grand  canyon,  at  the 
Canadian  end  of  the  Horseshoe,  and  every  part  of  the 
Falls  is  in  plain  sight.  Even  if  one  is  too  ill  to  get  out  of 
the  car,  he  can  see  the  liquid  wonder  of  the  w^orld  from 
the  window  or  the  platform.  There  is  but  one  Niagara 
Falls  on  earth,  and  but  one  direct  railw^ay  to  it. 

O.    W.    RUGOLES, 

General  Paseenyep  Agent. 


THE 


Qommercial    H otel 

G.   W.  DABB  &  CO.,  Proprietors. 
ACCOMMODATIONS  FOR  FIVE  HUNDRED  GUESTS. 


Corner  Lake  and  Dearborn  Streets, 

CHICAGO. 

The  location  is  moat  accessible  to  Depots,  Steamboat  Laiidiiigs,  Theatres,  Public  Buildings, 

Parks,  mid  all  objects  of  interest.     Full  South  and  East  Fronts,  Passengir 

Elevator,    Electric   Lights    and  all   Modern   Improvements. 


TERMS,  $2.00  AND  $2.50  PER  DAY,  INCLUDING  MEALS. 

Supper,  Lodsing  and  Breakfast,  81.50.      Lodging  and  Breakfast,  f  1.00- 

Meals,  50  Cents  Each. 


»»  ) 


i  I  ii 

1 1 1 


The  Hahdsomest  Trains  in  the  World 


THE 


PULLMAN  VESTIBULE  TRAINS 


NOW   RUNNING   BETWEEN 


CHICAGO 


AND 


KANSAS  CITY 


OVER    THE    NEW 


ii 


Santa  Fe  Route." 


Chicago,  Santa  Fe  &  California  R'y. 


Office  212  Clark  Strest,  Corner  Adams  Street, 

CHICAGO. 


H  ISTORY 


O  F 


Y 


Detroit  and  Michigan 

By  SILAS  FARMER,  City  Historiographer, 

(Hy  Apiiolntinent  iiniler  Ordlriniicp  "f  IMIi. 

Meinb«r  of  AiiierKran  Historical  Association,  Webater  Historical  Sootety, 
Michlffan  Pioneer  Society,  etc. 


It  contains  1072  paji^es  in  doiihle  columns,  <|Uftrto  form,  with  648  illui- 
tralions,  consisting  of  fac  .simiiosof  ii  variety  of  Old  Ilcconis,  Documents, 
Signatures,  Hand-Bills,  Noted  Localities,  repR'senlal ions  of  Souls,  Monu- 
ments, Banners  and  relics  of  Vtirious  kinds,  together  witli  a  large  nuinl»er 
of  nuips  and  plans. 

In  range  of  subjects  and  fullness  of  treatment  it  is  tlie  most  complete 
local  history  published  in  America.     Fully  one-thihi)  ok  thk  volume 

18  DEVOTED  TO  MATTEKS  THAT  UKI.ATE  TO  MjCIMOAN  IN  (lENEUAL,  AND 
THE    INFOHMATION    IS   NEW    AN!)   81NOULAKLY    INTERESTING. 

In     RVEUY     LinRAHY     THK     LIST     OF     VOLUMES     ON     MICHIGAN     AND 

Detroit  is  particularly  mkagrk;  this  iiistoiiv  will  amply  meet 
this  want,  and,  as  a  work  op  reference,  no  other  volume  can 
take  its  place. 

Over  ten  years  of  labor  were  spent  upon  the  work,  no  expense  was 
spared  in  its  preparation,  and  it  unfolds  a  large  amount  of  authentic  and 
surprising  information  hitherto  unpublished  and  unknown. 

It  is  printed  on  seventy  pound  super  sized  and  extra  highly  calendered 
paper,  and  is  elegantly  bound  in  genuine  Turkey  morocco,  with  cloth 
sides  and  appropriate  stumps  and  tool  work  in  gold. 

The  price  is  |10.  In  ortler  to  treat  home  and  foreign  customers  alike, 
the  postage  or  expressage  is  paid  to  any  part  of  the  country. 


c^ 


The  Sportsman's  Line  to  the  Sportsman's  Paradise! 
detroit  &  cleveland  steam  navigation  co. 


CLEVELAND    AND    DETROIT 

TO 

MACKINAC    ISLAND 

AND 

THE  HUNTING  and  FISHING  RESORTS  of  NORTHERN  MICHIGAN. 
Lake  Tours!    Palaee  Steamers!    Low  Bates!    Quick  Time! 


STj£j^Ti/zjei:Eta 


Qity  of  y\lpena,  Qity  of  |V|ackinac 

Four  Trips  per  We«k  Between  * 

Detroit,  Mackinac,  St.  Ignace,  Cheboygan,  Ai.fena,  Harrisvii.le, 

Oscoda,  Sand  Beach,  Port   Huron,  St.  Clair, 

Oakland  and  Marine  City. 


Leave  Detroit  Mondays  and  Saturdays    -    10  P.  M. 
Arrive  Mackinac  Wednesdays  and  Mondays      7  A.  M. 


Wednesdays  and  Frioays    -    9  A.  M. 
Thursdays  ANO  Saturday*    5.30  P.  M. 


Close  Connections  with  Steamers  for 

Chicago,  Milwaukee,  Traverse   City,  Charlevoix,    Petoskey,   Harbor   Springs, 

Sault  Ste.  Marie,  Marquette,  Portage,  Duluth,  and  with   Duluth, 

South  Shore  &  Atlantic  R.   R.  for  Marquette 

and  the  Copper  Regions. 


STIC-A-IiiITCUS 


City  of  Cleveland,  :  City  of  Detroit 

Every  Week  Day  Betwsen 
CLEVELAND   AND    DETROIT. 


Leave  CLEVELAND    -    -    -    8.30  P.  M.        Arrive  DETROIT    -    -    ' 

■      5.30  A.  M 

Leavi  DETROIT     -    -    -     10.00  P.  M,        Arrive  CLEVELAND     - 

-     5.30  A.  M 

Special  Sunday  Night  Trips  July  and  August. 

For  Illustrated  Book,  Rates  or  TicUets,  apply  to  your  Ticket  Agent  or 

Address    EJ.   B.  ^?VmXOO»J:B, 

G.  P.  &  T,  A.,  DETROIT,  MICH. 


DISE! 


J.  MURRAY  BROWN. 


WILL  J,  WILSON. 


Brown  &  Wilson, 


HtGAN. 


ARTIST  TAILORS 


nac 


,LE, 


9  A.  M. 
30  P.  M. 


-AND- 


Importers   of   Fine  Woolens. 


♦♦♦♦»♦♦»»♦•»♦♦*»♦■♦»♦♦♦»»♦♦ 


rings, 


224-     WOODWARD     AVENUE, 


roit 


k.  M. 

^.  M. 


DETROIT,  MICH, 
/ 


♦»♦♦♦♦»»♦»»•♦♦♦♦♦♦»»♦♦ 


^Ve  ^Arould  be  pleased  to  have  you  call  and  inspect  our 

Selections. 


r,   MICH. 


All  Work  First-Class. 


Beautifully  Lefti 


The  man  who  \A/-ont  use  the  latest  approved  methods 
and  appliances  in  the  conduct  of  his  business.  The 
CALIGRAPH  Type-Writer  is  as  much  an  essential  to- 
day as  the  steel  pen  wr^s  00  years  ago ;  many  then 
clung  to  the  old  quill  pen.  Who  would  think  of  doing 
so  to-day?  You  may  flatter  yourself  that  you  are 
saving  the  price  of  a  machine,  but  others  have  made 
the  price  of  theirs  over  and  over  again.  In  this  age  of 
StearTx,  Electricity   and    Pneuinatic    Appliances,    things 


won't  AA^ait  for  any  one;  you  inust  get  aboard  or  be 
left.  Over  1 00,000  consider  the  CALIGRAPH  Type- 
Writer  essential.  Does  it  not  behoove  you  to  consider 
the  question  of  sparing  yourself  and  higher  priced 
labor  by  using  the  type-writer?  Over  100,000  have 
studied  the  question  and  decided  in  favor  of  the 
TYPE-WRITER.  If  you  want  to  look  the  matter  up, 
send  for  circulars. 


GEO.  E.  PADDOCK  &  CO., 

24  Oougress  St.,  cor.  Griswold.    -    -    DETEOIT,  MICH. 


The  Summer  Tours 

—  OF  THE — 

MlCHIGANf^ENTRALRR 

And  Connecting  Lines  to  the  <• 

Rivers,  Lakes,  Mountains, 

Springs  and  Seaside  Resorts 

of  the  North  and  East, 

AKE  THI8  VKAR  MOKK  COMPLETE  THAN  EVEK  BEFORE. 


TO  BOSTON  AND  PORTLAND 

Through  tl}e  WHITE  MOUNTAINS. 


TO    ISTE'W"    "-y-Q-R.-K:- 

— "V-I.A.  t:h:b3 — 

St.  Lawrence,   Lake  Cliainplaiii,   Lake  George  and  the  Hudson, 

And  numerous  other  Boutes,  for  details  of  whfoh  see  our 
Summer  Tourist  Boute  and  Bate  Fclder. 


SPECIAL  NOTICE.— Passengers  ordering  Sleeping  Car  accommodations  should 
be  particular  to  give  Route,  Train,  Date  and  Destination.  Write  or  telegrapli  to 
W.  H.  Undbrwood,  Eastern  Passenger  Agent,  No.  80  Exchange  Street,  Buffalo, 
N.  Y. ;  0.  A.  Warren,  Passenger  and  Ticket  Agent,  (16  Woodward  Avenue,  corner 
Jeflarson,  Detroit,  Mich  ,  or  Central  Depot,  foot  of  Third  Street;  Wm.  Qatkb,  Ticket 
Agent,  JOS  Boodv  House  Block,  Toledo,  O. ;  C.  Lincoln,  Michigan  Central  Depot, 
Chicago. 

O.    "VT-.    RTJO-GILEIS, 

GenV  Patsenger  Agent, 

CHICAGO,  ILL. 


,VT" 


i 


E.  P.  FOLEY. 


R.  P.  FOLEY. 


Foley's/\R  I  Gallery 


HEADQUARTERS  FOR  ALL  KINDS  OF 


Photographic  Views, 

OIL  AND  WATER  COLOR  PAINTINGS. 


Artists  will  go  with  parties  to  any  point  on  or  off  Machinac 

Island,    to   make  special  views   on   demand, 

for  a  reasonable  compensation. 


Steam  Lapidary  Machinery 

In  connection,  for  shaping  and  polishing  Agates,  many   of 
which  are  found  on  this  lapideous  Island. 

AGATE  JEWELRY  A  SPECIALTY. 


Do  not  fail  to  call  and  examine  the  many  fine  specimens  of 
Northern  Michigan  Animals  exhibited  here  free  of  charge. 

FOLEY  BROS.,  Prop's, 
Cor.  Fort  and  Main  Streets.  MACKINAC  ISLAND. 


•EY. 


ry 


'S 


whinac 


any  of 


mens  of 
arge. 


SLAND. 


t-^-rs-:v:;%--.: 


■V*^;-.-rji;f 


:^:-:rd^ 


:rf-  '.r% 


'J-twl- '"'" 


*^sgj#- 


